Mr. Fady Hany Chemistry Platform Secondary Stage

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Structural and functional unit in living organism

Cell

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Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids

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Inorganic Molecules

Water (Unique properties), Mineral Salts

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Peptidoglycan

Give bacterial cell shape and rigidity

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Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

Unicellular

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Eukaryotes (Four Domains)

Multicellular and simple unicellular

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Protista

Unicellular or Simple multicellular

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Golden Algae (Protista)

Autotrophic (can make their own food)

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Protozoa

Heterotrophic (depend on another organism)

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Yeast (Fungi)

Unicellular

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Fungi except yeast (yeast is unicellular)

Multicellular

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Protozoa (Protista), Fungi and animals

Heterotrophic

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Golden algae and plants

Autotrophic

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Animal Cell

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Chitin

Fungi cell wall

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Cellulose

Plant cell wall

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Invertebrates (No backbone)

Sponges, Coelenterate (Jellyfish) Worms, Arthropods (Insects), Mollusks (Clams), Echinoderms (Starfish)

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Vertebrates (Backbone)

Humans (at the top), Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

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70% body mass is water that is involved in most biochemical activities

47% inside the cell and 23% outside the cell in blood plasma and other body fluids

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Thick wall present in bacteria, plants and fungi

Cell Wall

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Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane (All organisms)

Thin semi-permeable membrane surrounds the cell.

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Gel like substance presents in all living cell and contain all the necessary chemicals

Cytoplasm

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Control center in the cell that control all the cell activities and contain genetic mateiral

Nucleus

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Part in plant cell only and contain chlorophyll

Chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis through plastids

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Found in large numbers and small sized in animals and few and located at the center of the plant cell

Vacoules (Store food, water and excess salt)

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Found in all eukaryotes

Mitochondira and endoplasmic reticulum

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Energy production center in the cell

Mitochondira

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Group of membranes that transport various materials from one place to another inside the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Metabolism

divided into catabolism (breaking molecules) and anabolism (building molecules)

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Catabolism

Breaking molecules and release energy for biological processes.

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Breakdown glucose sugar during cellular respiration into carbon dioxide and water.

Catabolism

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Anabolism

Building molecules which require energy (absorb energy)

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Photosynthesis (Building glucose molecules)

Anabolism

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Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Anabolism

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Slow biological processes are accelerated by substance in the living organism body which is called

Enzyme (which is a protein)

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Protein inside the cell that accelerate biological processes

Enzyme (which is a protein)

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Enzyme lower the

Activation energy

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Activation energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start chemical reaction.

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(Key and lock mechanism) Enzymes are specialized proteins

The active site of the enzyme binds specifically to the substance it affects (the substrate), which helps reactants convert into products more efficiently.

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Enzymes

At the end of the reaction, the enzyme remains unchanged, ready to catalyze another reaction of the same type.

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Enzymes

called catalysts or activators

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Each enzyme has optimum pH and temperature

If the pH or the temperature changed the enzyme activity decreases

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Cytoplasm composed mainly of

Water